PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF PEOPLE WITH DISABLING DISEASES

Abstract

The number of people with disabilities is constantly growing, although its causes and consequences may be different. According to the UN, every fourth family in the world faces disability, the total number of people with disabilities on the planet is 600 million people, and more than a quarter of them are children (in particular, in Ukraine there are more than 160 thousand children with disabilities up to 16 years). In recent years, in connection with the change in the Concept of Disability, the rehabilitation of the disabled has become a conscious basis for social policy. The main direction of this policy was the comprehensive (medical, psychological and social) rehabilitation of the disabled. It is comprehensive rehabilitation that returns a disabled person to a full and normal life. A well-thought-out system of rehabilitation measures is able to almost completely return this category of people to the usual way and rhythm of life. But without taking into account the personal characteristics of the disabled person and assessing his resource capabilities, it is impossible to build an effective system of rehabilitation measures that can return a person to a full life. A person’s disability limits his or her participation in active activities. Such person is detached from many life events that are important for his formation as a person. This affects his vision of himself, the adequacy of self-esteem. Inadequate, low self-esteem significantly affects human behavior. His self-doubt reduces his chances of success. Due to health restrictions, a sick person considers himself or herself an inferior person. In particular, this applies to communication with other people. Insufficient level of development of compensatory abilities, reduced level of adaptive potential, presence of interpersonal conflicts, uncertainty of life plans and attitudes, inability to fully integrate into society, feelings of inferiority and inability of people with disabilities against the background of their desire for self-actualization and selfactualization. personal and socio-psychological problems. Therefore, the study of psychological characteristics and dynamics of personal changes in people with disabilities, as well as the implementation of qualified psychological support of this category, is one of the pressing issues at the present stage of society, in social policy, in the rehabilitation of this category. The problem of the relationship of somatic and mental components, the relationship between the systems of bodily organization and mental formations of the individual is one of the leading problems in the psychology of corporality. The subject of self-perception and self-esteem of the individual is his own body, his own abilities, his own social relations, as well as many personal manifestations. In a number of studies (O. T. Sokolova, A. Yu. Rozhdestvensky, M. Powell, V. M. Kunitsyna, A. Lowen, T. Cash) the body image is considered as a complex structural formation, which includes cognitive, emotional evaluation and regulatory components. Consideration of psychological factors is important at all stages of treatment and rehabilitation of patients and people with disabilities. The most important psychological aspects are the attitude to the disease and the peculiarities of the psycho-emotional sphere. However, the problem of psychological characteristics of people with disabilities is insufficiently covered. Analysis of scientific sources shows that, despite the significant amount of theoretical research on this problem, special attention needs to be paid to the development of psycho-correctional and rehabilitation techniques and techniques that would promote psychological adaptation, better results and effective rehabilitation. The purpose of the article is to show the psychological pecularities of the personal sphere of people with disabling diseases, to characterize the psychological aspect of working with people with disabilities due to a disabling disease. Research methods: to solve certain problems we used a set of methods due to the object, subject, purpose and objectives of the study: theoretical — analysis, systematization and generalization of modern scientific and empirical research on the problem of psychological work with people with disabilities; empirical — observation, questionnaire, testing, observational experiment, during which various research methods were used: self-assessment of personality (SAP), which characterizes the parameters of wellbeing, activity and mood of the individual; method “Rehabilitation potential of the individual” author’s development I. Yu. Kulagina and L. V. Senkevich 2011; TOBOL method, which diagnoses the type of attitude to the disease; methods of diagnosis of socio-psychological adaptation of K. Rogers and R. Diamond; methods of multifactor study of the personality of R. Kettel to assess personal psychological characteristics; questionnaires to determine the level of rehabilitation potential and the level of adaptive capabilities of the individual “Adaptability” A. G. Maklakova; methods for assessing quality of life. The scientific novelty of the research is that it specifies the knowledge about the psychological characteristics of people with disabling diseases; scientific ideas about the peculiarities of the personal sphere of persons of this category were further developed. The theoretical significance of the research is to expand scientific knowledge and ideas about the pecularities of the process of rehabilitation and adaptation of persons with functional limitations as a result of disabling diseases.