«ЗАНЕПАД ПРАВДИ» І ПОПУЛІЗМ: ПІДРИВ ДЕМОКРАТІЇ В 21-МУ СТОЛІТТІ
Ключові слова:
політичний популізм, «занепад правди», демократична цілісність, цифрова дезінформація, маніпуляція громадською думкою
Анотація
У статті представлено комплексний аналіз взаємопов'язаних явищ зростання популізму та ерозії фактологічного дискурсу, відомого як «занепад правди», у сучасному соціально-політичному контексті. У дослідженні розглядається відродження популізму в 21-му столітті, що характеризується його відмінністю від історичного популізму через сучасну економічну нерівність і вплив цифрових платформ. Ця сучасна форма популізму, зумовлена культурними занепокоєннями та політикою ідентичності, контрастує з його історичним аналогом. Вводиться поняття «занепаду правди» як визначальної риси цієї епохи, що характеризується зменшенням опори на факти та раціональний дискурс у публічних дискусіях, що прискорюється соціальними мережами та фрагментованим медіа-середовищем. У статті висвітлено, як занепад правди і популізм підживлюють одне, сприяючи трансформації споживання інформації, що характеризується швидким розповсюдженням і формуванням «ехо-камер». Дослідження висвітлює динаміку занепаду правди та її складний взаємозв'язок з популізмом. Воно заглиблюється в те, як ерозія фактичного дискурсу призводить до поширення дезінформації та маніпулювання громадською думкою, що є характерними ознаками популістських стратегій. У роботі обговорюється вплив популізму на формування скептичного ставлення до усталених джерел інформації і, як наслідок, зростання інтересу до «альтернативних фактів». Аналізується роль цифрових платформ у поширенні неправдивих наративів, підкреслюється їхній вплив на громадську думку та підрив основних демократичних принципів, таких як прозорість і підзвітність. У статті розглядаються глобальні наслідки занепаду правди та популізму. Підкреслюється роль цього явища в геополітичних конфліктах, виборах та важливість міжнародної співпраці для протистояння цим викликам. Аналіз пропонує стратегії боротьби з дезінформацією, включаючи підвищення медіаграмотності, інвестиції у фактчекінг, популяризацію етичної журналістики та заохочення відповідального використання технологій. У документі підкреслюється необхідність прийняття принципів різноманітності та інклюзивності як контрзаходів проти популізму та поширення неправдивих наративів.
Посилання
Bader, M. (2018). Disinformation in Elections. Retrieved from https://brill.com/view/journals/shrs/29/1-4/article-p24_24.xml [in English]. [Bader M. Disinformation in Elections. 2018. URL: https://brill.com/view/journals/shrs/29/1-4/article-p24_24.xml (дата звернення: 14.01.2024)].
Benkler, Y., Tilton, C., Etling, B., Roberts, H., Clark, J., Faris, R., Kaiser, J., & Schmitt, C. (2020). Mail-In Voter Fraud: Anatomy of a Disinformation Campaign. Social Science Research Network [in English]. [Benkler Y., Tilton, C., Etling, B., Roberts, H., Clark, J., Faris, R., Kaiser, J., Schmitt, C. Mail-In Voter Fraud: Anatomy of a Disinformation Campaign. Social Science Research Network. 2020. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3703701].
Bergmann, E. (2020). Populism and the politics of misinformation. Safundi, 21(3), 251–265 [in English]. [Bergmann, E. Populism and the politics of misinformation. Safundi. 2020. Vol. 21, Is. 3. P. 251–265. DOI: 10.1080/17533171.2020.1783086].
Berman, S. (2021). The Causes of Populism in the West. Annual Review of Political Science, 24(1), 71–88 [in English]. [Berman S. The Causes of Populism in the West. Annual Review of Political Science. 2021. Vol. 24, Is. 1. P. 71–88. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503].
Brady, W. (2023). Social Media Algorithms Warp How People Learn from Each Other. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/social-media-algorithms-warp-how-peoplelearn-from-each-other/ [in English]. [Brady, W. Social Media Algorithms Warp How People Learn from Each Other. Scientific American. 2023. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/social-mediaalgorithms-warp-how-people-learn-from-each-other/ (дата звернення: 15.01.2024)].
Brugnoli, E., Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., & Scala, A. (2019). Recursive patterns in online echo chambers. Scientific Reports, 9(1) [in English]. [Brugnoli E., Cinelli M., Quattrociocchi, W., Scala A. Recursive patterns in online echo chambers. Scientific Reports. 2019. Vol. 9, Is. 1. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56191-7].
Carrión-Álvarez, D., & Tijerina-Salina, P. X. (2020). Fake news in COVID-19: A perspective. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10(4), 290–291 [in English]. [Carrión-Álvarez D., Tijerina-Salina P. X. Fake news in COVID-19: A perspective. Health Promotion Perspectives. 2020. Vol. 10, Is. 4. P. 290–291. DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.44].
Cheyfitz, E. (2017). The disinformation age. In Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149731158 [in English]. [Cheyfitz E. The disinformation age. Foreign Policy. 2017. URL: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149731158 (дата звернення: 14.01.2024)].
Dow, B., Johnson, A. L., Wang, C. S., Whitson, J., & Menon, T. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and the search for structure: Social media and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(9) [in English]. [Dow B., Johnson A. L., Wang C. S., Whitson J., Menon T. The COVID-19 pandemic and the search for structure: Social media and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2021. Vol. 15, Is. 9. DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12636].
Droste, L. (2021). Feeling Left Behind by Political Decisionmakers: Anti-Establishment Sentiment in Contemporary Democracies. Politics and Governance, 9(3), 288–300 [in English]. [Droste, L. Feeling Left Behind by Political Decisionmakers: Anti-Establishment Sentiment in Contemporary Democracies. Politics and Governance. 2021. Vol. 9, Is. 3. P. 288–300. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v9i3.3949].
«From post-truth to post-trust? | Think Tank | European Parliament.» (2018). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2018)628298 [in English]. [«From post-truth to post-trust? | Think Tank | European Parliament.» 2018. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2018)628298 (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Glăveanu, V. P. (2017). Psychology in the post-truth era. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 13(3), 375–377 [in English]. [Glăveanu, V. P. Psychology in the post-truth era. Europe’s Journal of Psychology. 2017. Vol. 13, Is. 3. P. 375–377. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v13i3.1509].
Hameleers, M., Schmuck, D., Bos, L., & Ecklebe, S. (2020). Interacting with the ordinary people: How populist messages and styles communicated by politicians trigger users’ behaviour on social media in a comparative context. European Journal of Communication, 36(3), 238–253 [in English]. [Hameleers M., Schmuck D., Bos L., Ecklebe, S. Interacting with the ordinary people. European Journal of Communication. 2020. Vol.36, Is. 3. P. 238–253. DOI: 10.1177/0267323120978723].
Huguet, A., Kavanagh, J., Baker, G., & Blumenthal, M. S. (2019). Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Huguet A., Kavanagh J., Baker G., Blumenthal M. S. Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. In RAND Corporation eBooks. 2019. DOI: 10.7249/rr3050].
Iyengar, S., & Massey, D. S. (2018). Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(16), 7656–7661 [in English]. [Iyengar, S., & Massey, D. S. Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2018. Vol. 116, Is.16. P. 7656–7661. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805868115].
Jami, W. A., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2021). The social axioms of populism: Investigating the relationship between culture and populist attitudes. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(2), 438–455 [in English]. [Jami W. A., Kemmelmeier M. The social axioms of populism. Journal of Social and Political Psychology. 2021. Vol. 9, Is. 2. P. 438–455. DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7295].
Jankowicz, N. (2020). How to lose the information war – Russia, fake news, and the future of conflict. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15387216.2020.1825982 [in English]. [Jankowicz, N. How to lose the information war – Russia, fake news and the future of conflict. 2020. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15387216.2020.1825982 (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Juon, A., & Bochsler, D. (2020). Hurricane or fresh breeze? Disentangling the populist effect on the quality of democracy. European Political Science Review, 12(3), 391–408 [in English]. [Juon A., Bochsler D. Hurricane or fresh breeze? Disentangling the populist effect on the quality of democracy. European Political Science Review. 2020. Vol. 12, Is. 3. P. 391–408. DOI: 10.1017/s1755773920000259].
Kavanagh, J., & Rich, M. D. (2018a). Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life [in English]. [Kavanagh J., Rich M. D. Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. 2018a. DOI: 10.7249/rr2314].
Kavanagh, J., & Rich, M. D. (2018b). Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Kavanagh J., Rich M. D. Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. In RAND Corporation eBooks. 2018b. DOI: 10.7249/rr2314].
Kitchens B., Johnson S. L., Gray P. B. (2020). Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media on Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 44(4), 1619–1649 [in English]. [Kitchens, B., Johnson, S. L., & Gray, P. B. Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media on Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 2020. Vol. 44. Is. 4. P.1619–1649. DOI: 10.25300/misq/2020/16371].
Klimburg, A. (2018). Trolling, hacking and the 2016 US presidential election. Nature, 562(7726), 188–189 [in English]. [Klimburg A. Trolling, hacking, and the 2016 US presidential election. Nature. 2018. Vol. 562(7726). P. 188–189. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-06942-9].
Lasser, J., Aroyehun, S. T., Carrella, F., Simchon, A., García, D., & Lewandowsky, S. (2023). From alternative conceptions of honesty to alternative facts in communications by US politicians. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(12), 2140–2151 [in English]. [Lasser J., Aroyehun S. T., Carrella F., Simchon A., García D., Lewandowsky S. From alternative conceptions of honesty to alternative facts in communications by US politicians. Nature Human Behaviour. 2023. Vol. 7, Is. 12. P. 2140–2151. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01691-w].
Lazer, D., Baum, M., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096 [in English]. [Lazer D., Baum M., Benkler Y., Berinsky A. J., Greenhill K. M., Menczer F., Metzger M. J., Nyhan B., Pennycook G., Rothschild D., Schudson M., Sloman S. A., Sunstein C. R., Thorson E., Watts D. J., Zittrain J. The science of fake news. Science. 2018. Vol. 359(6380). P. 1094–1096. DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2998].
Marsh, E. J., & Rajaram, S. (2019). The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(1), 1–14 [in English]. [Marsh E. J., Rajaram S. The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 2019. Vol. 8, Is.1. P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.11.001].
Marshall, H. S., & Drieschová, A. (2018). Post-Truth Politics in the UK’s Brexit Referendum. New Perspectives, 26(3), 89–105 [in English]. [Marshall H. S., Drieschová A. Post-Truth Politics in the UK’s Brexit Referendum. New Perspectives. 2018.Vol. 26, Is.3. P. 89–105. DOI: 10.1177/2336825x1802600305].
«Media Literacy and Critical Thinking Online | Homeland Security.» (2022). Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/publication/media-literacy-and-critical-thinking-online [in English]. [«Media Literacy and Critical Thinking Online. Homeland Security. 2022. URL: https://www.dhs.gov/publication/media-literacy-andcritical-thinking-online (дата звернення: 11.01.2024)].
«Media Literacy Standards to Counter Truth Decay.» (2021). In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Media Literacy Standards to Counter Truth Decay. RAND Corporation eBooks. 2021. DOI: 10.7249/rra112-12].
Menczer, F., & Hills, T. (2020). Information Overload Helps Fake News Spread, and Social Media Knows It. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overloadhelps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/ [in English]. [Menczer, F., & Hills, T. Information Overload Helps Fake News Spread, and Social Media Knows It. Scientific American. 2020. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-mediaknows-it/ (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Mihelj, S., & Jiménez-Martínez, C. (2020). Digital nationalism: Understanding the role of digital media in the rise of ‘new’ nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 27(2), 331–346 [in English]. [Mihelj S., Jiménez-Martínez C. Digital nationalism: Understanding the role of digital media in the rise of ‘new’ nationalism. Nations and Nationalism. 2020. Vol. 27, Is. 2. P. 331–346. DOI: 10.1111/nana.12685].
Moledina, S., & Khoja, A. (2018). Letter to the Editor: Digital Dementia-Is Smart Technology Making Us Dumb? PubMed. 18(1). 12–12 [in English]. [Moledina S., Khoja A. Letter to the Editor: Digital Dementia-Is Smart Technology Making Us Dumb? PubMed. 2018. Vol. 18, Is. 1. P. 12–12. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5855412/].
Nieweglowska, M., Stellato, C., & Sloman, S. A. (2023). Deepfakes: Vehicles for Radicalization, Not Persuasion [in English]. [Nieweglowska M., Stellato C., Sloman S. A. Deepfakes: Vehicles for Radicalization, Not Persuasion. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/096372142311613].
Noury, A., & Roland, G. (2020). Identity Politics and Populism in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 23(1), 421–439 [in English]. [Noury A., Roland G. Identity Politics and Populism in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science. 2020. Vol. 23, Is.1. P. 421–439. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542].
Pherson, R. H., Ranta, P. M., & Cannon, C. (2020). Strategies for Combating the Scourge of Digital Disinformation. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 34(2), 316–341 [in English]. [Pherson R. H., Ranta P. M., Cannon C. Strategies for Combating the Scourge of Digital Disinformation. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. 2020. Vol. 34, Is.2. P. 316–341. DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2020.1789425].
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Pillars-of-Russia%E2%80%99s-Disinformation-and-Propaganda-Ecosystem_08-04-20.pdf [in English]. [Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem. n.d. URL: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Pillars-of-Russia%E2%80%99s-Disinformationand-Propaganda-Ecosystem_08-04-20.pdf (дата звернення: 14.01.2024)].
Radu, R. (2020). Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation. Social Media + Society, 6(3) [in English]. [Radu, R. Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation. Social Media + Society. 2020. Vol. 6, Is.3. DOI: 10.1177/2056305120948190].
Rodgers, R. R. (2020). The Social Awakening and the News: A Progressive Era Movement’s Influence on Journalism and Journalists’ Conceptions of Their Roles. Journalism History, 46(2), 81–105 [in English]. [Rodgers, R. R. The Social Awakening and the News: A Progressive Era Movement’s Influence on Journalism and Journalists’ Conceptions of Their Roles. Journalism History. 2020. Vol.46, Is.2. P. 81–105. DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2020.1724586].
Sanchez, G. R., & Middlemass, K. (2022). Misinformation is eroding the public’s confidence in democracy. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/07/26/misinformation-is-eroding-thepublics-confidence-in-democracy/ [in English]. [Sanchez G. R., Middlemass K. Misinformation is eroding the public’s confidence in democracy. 2022. URL: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/07/26/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy/ (дата звернення: 11.01.2024)].
Singer, J. B. (2023). Closing the Barn Door? Fact-Checkers as Retroactive Gatekeepers of the COVID-19 “Infodemic.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 100(2), 332–353 [in English]. [Singer, J. B. Closing the Barn Door? Fact-Checkers as Retroactive Gatekeepers of the COVID-19 “Infodemic.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2023. Vol. 100, Is. 2. P. 332–353. DOI: 10.1177/10776990231168599].
Speed, E., & Mannion, R. (2017). The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 6(5), 249–251 [in English]. [Speed E., Mannion R. The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2017. Vol. 6, Is. 5. P. 249–251. DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19].
Starr, P. D. (2020). The Flooded Zone. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 67–92) [in English]. [Starr P. D. The Flooded Zone. In Cambridge University Press eBooks. 2020. DOI: 10.1017/9781108914628.003].
Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new Coronavirus. (2020). In OECD policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19) [in English]. [Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new Coronavirus. OECD policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19). 2020. DOI: 10.1787/bef7ad6e-en].
Truth Decay in Europe: Exploring the role of facts and analysis in European public life. (2022). In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Truth Decay in Europe: Exploring the role of facts and analysis in European public life. In RAND Corporation eBooks. 2022. DOI: 10.7249/rra112-22].
U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. Pew Research Center. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_19-11-19_mediapolarization_homepage-2/ [in English]. [U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. Pew Research Center. 2020. URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_19-11-19_mediapolarization_homepage-2/ (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Vicario, M. D., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 554–559 [in English]. [Vicario M. D., Bessi A., Zollo F., Petroni F., Scala A., Caldarelli G., Stanley H. E., Quattrociocchi W. The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016. Vol. 113. Is. 3. P. 554–559. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517441113].
Waisbord, S. (2018). The elective affinity between post-truth communication and populist politics. Communication Research and Practice, 4(1), 17–34 [in English]. [Waisbord, S. The elective affinity between post-truth communication and populist politics. Communication Research and Practice. 2018. Vol. 4. Is. 1. P. 17–34. DOI: 10.1080/22041451.2018.1428928].
Waldrop, M. M. (2017). The genuine problem of fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1719005114 [in English]. [Waldrop, M. M. The genuine problem of fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017. URL: https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1719005114 (дата звернення: 12.01.2024)].
Zúñiga, H. G. de, Koc-Michalska, K., & Römmele, A. (2020). Populism in the era of Twitter: How social media contextualized new insights into an old phenomenon. New Media & Society, 22(4), 585–594 [in English]. [Zúñiga, H. G. de, Koc-Michalska, K., & Römmele, A. Populism in the era of Twitter: How social media contextualized new insights into an old phenomenon. New Media & Society. 2020. Vol. 22, Is. 4. P. 585–594. DOI: 10.1177/1461444819893978].
Benkler, Y., Tilton, C., Etling, B., Roberts, H., Clark, J., Faris, R., Kaiser, J., & Schmitt, C. (2020). Mail-In Voter Fraud: Anatomy of a Disinformation Campaign. Social Science Research Network [in English]. [Benkler Y., Tilton, C., Etling, B., Roberts, H., Clark, J., Faris, R., Kaiser, J., Schmitt, C. Mail-In Voter Fraud: Anatomy of a Disinformation Campaign. Social Science Research Network. 2020. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3703701].
Bergmann, E. (2020). Populism and the politics of misinformation. Safundi, 21(3), 251–265 [in English]. [Bergmann, E. Populism and the politics of misinformation. Safundi. 2020. Vol. 21, Is. 3. P. 251–265. DOI: 10.1080/17533171.2020.1783086].
Berman, S. (2021). The Causes of Populism in the West. Annual Review of Political Science, 24(1), 71–88 [in English]. [Berman S. The Causes of Populism in the West. Annual Review of Political Science. 2021. Vol. 24, Is. 1. P. 71–88. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503].
Brady, W. (2023). Social Media Algorithms Warp How People Learn from Each Other. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/social-media-algorithms-warp-how-peoplelearn-from-each-other/ [in English]. [Brady, W. Social Media Algorithms Warp How People Learn from Each Other. Scientific American. 2023. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/social-mediaalgorithms-warp-how-people-learn-from-each-other/ (дата звернення: 15.01.2024)].
Brugnoli, E., Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., & Scala, A. (2019). Recursive patterns in online echo chambers. Scientific Reports, 9(1) [in English]. [Brugnoli E., Cinelli M., Quattrociocchi, W., Scala A. Recursive patterns in online echo chambers. Scientific Reports. 2019. Vol. 9, Is. 1. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56191-7].
Carrión-Álvarez, D., & Tijerina-Salina, P. X. (2020). Fake news in COVID-19: A perspective. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10(4), 290–291 [in English]. [Carrión-Álvarez D., Tijerina-Salina P. X. Fake news in COVID-19: A perspective. Health Promotion Perspectives. 2020. Vol. 10, Is. 4. P. 290–291. DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.44].
Cheyfitz, E. (2017). The disinformation age. In Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149731158 [in English]. [Cheyfitz E. The disinformation age. Foreign Policy. 2017. URL: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149731158 (дата звернення: 14.01.2024)].
Dow, B., Johnson, A. L., Wang, C. S., Whitson, J., & Menon, T. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and the search for structure: Social media and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(9) [in English]. [Dow B., Johnson A. L., Wang C. S., Whitson J., Menon T. The COVID-19 pandemic and the search for structure: Social media and conspiracy theories. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2021. Vol. 15, Is. 9. DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12636].
Droste, L. (2021). Feeling Left Behind by Political Decisionmakers: Anti-Establishment Sentiment in Contemporary Democracies. Politics and Governance, 9(3), 288–300 [in English]. [Droste, L. Feeling Left Behind by Political Decisionmakers: Anti-Establishment Sentiment in Contemporary Democracies. Politics and Governance. 2021. Vol. 9, Is. 3. P. 288–300. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v9i3.3949].
«From post-truth to post-trust? | Think Tank | European Parliament.» (2018). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2018)628298 [in English]. [«From post-truth to post-trust? | Think Tank | European Parliament.» 2018. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2018)628298 (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Glăveanu, V. P. (2017). Psychology in the post-truth era. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 13(3), 375–377 [in English]. [Glăveanu, V. P. Psychology in the post-truth era. Europe’s Journal of Psychology. 2017. Vol. 13, Is. 3. P. 375–377. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v13i3.1509].
Hameleers, M., Schmuck, D., Bos, L., & Ecklebe, S. (2020). Interacting with the ordinary people: How populist messages and styles communicated by politicians trigger users’ behaviour on social media in a comparative context. European Journal of Communication, 36(3), 238–253 [in English]. [Hameleers M., Schmuck D., Bos L., Ecklebe, S. Interacting with the ordinary people. European Journal of Communication. 2020. Vol.36, Is. 3. P. 238–253. DOI: 10.1177/0267323120978723].
Huguet, A., Kavanagh, J., Baker, G., & Blumenthal, M. S. (2019). Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Huguet A., Kavanagh J., Baker G., Blumenthal M. S. Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. In RAND Corporation eBooks. 2019. DOI: 10.7249/rr3050].
Iyengar, S., & Massey, D. S. (2018). Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(16), 7656–7661 [in English]. [Iyengar, S., & Massey, D. S. Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2018. Vol. 116, Is.16. P. 7656–7661. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805868115].
Jami, W. A., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2021). The social axioms of populism: Investigating the relationship between culture and populist attitudes. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(2), 438–455 [in English]. [Jami W. A., Kemmelmeier M. The social axioms of populism. Journal of Social and Political Psychology. 2021. Vol. 9, Is. 2. P. 438–455. DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7295].
Jankowicz, N. (2020). How to lose the information war – Russia, fake news, and the future of conflict. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15387216.2020.1825982 [in English]. [Jankowicz, N. How to lose the information war – Russia, fake news and the future of conflict. 2020. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15387216.2020.1825982 (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Juon, A., & Bochsler, D. (2020). Hurricane or fresh breeze? Disentangling the populist effect on the quality of democracy. European Political Science Review, 12(3), 391–408 [in English]. [Juon A., Bochsler D. Hurricane or fresh breeze? Disentangling the populist effect on the quality of democracy. European Political Science Review. 2020. Vol. 12, Is. 3. P. 391–408. DOI: 10.1017/s1755773920000259].
Kavanagh, J., & Rich, M. D. (2018a). Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life [in English]. [Kavanagh J., Rich M. D. Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. 2018a. DOI: 10.7249/rr2314].
Kavanagh, J., & Rich, M. D. (2018b). Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Kavanagh J., Rich M. D. Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life. In RAND Corporation eBooks. 2018b. DOI: 10.7249/rr2314].
Kitchens B., Johnson S. L., Gray P. B. (2020). Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media on Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 44(4), 1619–1649 [in English]. [Kitchens, B., Johnson, S. L., & Gray, P. B. Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media on Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 2020. Vol. 44. Is. 4. P.1619–1649. DOI: 10.25300/misq/2020/16371].
Klimburg, A. (2018). Trolling, hacking and the 2016 US presidential election. Nature, 562(7726), 188–189 [in English]. [Klimburg A. Trolling, hacking, and the 2016 US presidential election. Nature. 2018. Vol. 562(7726). P. 188–189. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-06942-9].
Lasser, J., Aroyehun, S. T., Carrella, F., Simchon, A., García, D., & Lewandowsky, S. (2023). From alternative conceptions of honesty to alternative facts in communications by US politicians. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(12), 2140–2151 [in English]. [Lasser J., Aroyehun S. T., Carrella F., Simchon A., García D., Lewandowsky S. From alternative conceptions of honesty to alternative facts in communications by US politicians. Nature Human Behaviour. 2023. Vol. 7, Is. 12. P. 2140–2151. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01691-w].
Lazer, D., Baum, M., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096 [in English]. [Lazer D., Baum M., Benkler Y., Berinsky A. J., Greenhill K. M., Menczer F., Metzger M. J., Nyhan B., Pennycook G., Rothschild D., Schudson M., Sloman S. A., Sunstein C. R., Thorson E., Watts D. J., Zittrain J. The science of fake news. Science. 2018. Vol. 359(6380). P. 1094–1096. DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2998].
Marsh, E. J., & Rajaram, S. (2019). The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(1), 1–14 [in English]. [Marsh E. J., Rajaram S. The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 2019. Vol. 8, Is.1. P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.11.001].
Marshall, H. S., & Drieschová, A. (2018). Post-Truth Politics in the UK’s Brexit Referendum. New Perspectives, 26(3), 89–105 [in English]. [Marshall H. S., Drieschová A. Post-Truth Politics in the UK’s Brexit Referendum. New Perspectives. 2018.Vol. 26, Is.3. P. 89–105. DOI: 10.1177/2336825x1802600305].
«Media Literacy and Critical Thinking Online | Homeland Security.» (2022). Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/publication/media-literacy-and-critical-thinking-online [in English]. [«Media Literacy and Critical Thinking Online. Homeland Security. 2022. URL: https://www.dhs.gov/publication/media-literacy-andcritical-thinking-online (дата звернення: 11.01.2024)].
«Media Literacy Standards to Counter Truth Decay.» (2021). In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Media Literacy Standards to Counter Truth Decay. RAND Corporation eBooks. 2021. DOI: 10.7249/rra112-12].
Menczer, F., & Hills, T. (2020). Information Overload Helps Fake News Spread, and Social Media Knows It. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overloadhelps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/ [in English]. [Menczer, F., & Hills, T. Information Overload Helps Fake News Spread, and Social Media Knows It. Scientific American. 2020. URL: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-mediaknows-it/ (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Mihelj, S., & Jiménez-Martínez, C. (2020). Digital nationalism: Understanding the role of digital media in the rise of ‘new’ nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 27(2), 331–346 [in English]. [Mihelj S., Jiménez-Martínez C. Digital nationalism: Understanding the role of digital media in the rise of ‘new’ nationalism. Nations and Nationalism. 2020. Vol. 27, Is. 2. P. 331–346. DOI: 10.1111/nana.12685].
Moledina, S., & Khoja, A. (2018). Letter to the Editor: Digital Dementia-Is Smart Technology Making Us Dumb? PubMed. 18(1). 12–12 [in English]. [Moledina S., Khoja A. Letter to the Editor: Digital Dementia-Is Smart Technology Making Us Dumb? PubMed. 2018. Vol. 18, Is. 1. P. 12–12. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5855412/].
Nieweglowska, M., Stellato, C., & Sloman, S. A. (2023). Deepfakes: Vehicles for Radicalization, Not Persuasion [in English]. [Nieweglowska M., Stellato C., Sloman S. A. Deepfakes: Vehicles for Radicalization, Not Persuasion. 2023. DOI: 10.1177/096372142311613].
Noury, A., & Roland, G. (2020). Identity Politics and Populism in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 23(1), 421–439 [in English]. [Noury A., Roland G. Identity Politics and Populism in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science. 2020. Vol. 23, Is.1. P. 421–439. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542].
Pherson, R. H., Ranta, P. M., & Cannon, C. (2020). Strategies for Combating the Scourge of Digital Disinformation. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 34(2), 316–341 [in English]. [Pherson R. H., Ranta P. M., Cannon C. Strategies for Combating the Scourge of Digital Disinformation. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. 2020. Vol. 34, Is.2. P. 316–341. DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2020.1789425].
Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Pillars-of-Russia%E2%80%99s-Disinformation-and-Propaganda-Ecosystem_08-04-20.pdf [in English]. [Pillars of Russia’s Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem. n.d. URL: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Pillars-of-Russia%E2%80%99s-Disinformationand-Propaganda-Ecosystem_08-04-20.pdf (дата звернення: 14.01.2024)].
Radu, R. (2020). Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation. Social Media + Society, 6(3) [in English]. [Radu, R. Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation. Social Media + Society. 2020. Vol. 6, Is.3. DOI: 10.1177/2056305120948190].
Rodgers, R. R. (2020). The Social Awakening and the News: A Progressive Era Movement’s Influence on Journalism and Journalists’ Conceptions of Their Roles. Journalism History, 46(2), 81–105 [in English]. [Rodgers, R. R. The Social Awakening and the News: A Progressive Era Movement’s Influence on Journalism and Journalists’ Conceptions of Their Roles. Journalism History. 2020. Vol.46, Is.2. P. 81–105. DOI: 10.1080/00947679.2020.1724586].
Sanchez, G. R., & Middlemass, K. (2022). Misinformation is eroding the public’s confidence in democracy. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/07/26/misinformation-is-eroding-thepublics-confidence-in-democracy/ [in English]. [Sanchez G. R., Middlemass K. Misinformation is eroding the public’s confidence in democracy. 2022. URL: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/07/26/misinformation-is-eroding-the-publics-confidence-in-democracy/ (дата звернення: 11.01.2024)].
Singer, J. B. (2023). Closing the Barn Door? Fact-Checkers as Retroactive Gatekeepers of the COVID-19 “Infodemic.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 100(2), 332–353 [in English]. [Singer, J. B. Closing the Barn Door? Fact-Checkers as Retroactive Gatekeepers of the COVID-19 “Infodemic.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2023. Vol. 100, Is. 2. P. 332–353. DOI: 10.1177/10776990231168599].
Speed, E., & Mannion, R. (2017). The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 6(5), 249–251 [in English]. [Speed E., Mannion R. The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2017. Vol. 6, Is. 5. P. 249–251. DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19].
Starr, P. D. (2020). The Flooded Zone. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 67–92) [in English]. [Starr P. D. The Flooded Zone. In Cambridge University Press eBooks. 2020. DOI: 10.1017/9781108914628.003].
Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new Coronavirus. (2020). In OECD policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19) [in English]. [Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new Coronavirus. OECD policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19). 2020. DOI: 10.1787/bef7ad6e-en].
Truth Decay in Europe: Exploring the role of facts and analysis in European public life. (2022). In RAND Corporation eBooks [in English]. [Truth Decay in Europe: Exploring the role of facts and analysis in European public life. In RAND Corporation eBooks. 2022. DOI: 10.7249/rra112-22].
U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. Pew Research Center. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_19-11-19_mediapolarization_homepage-2/ [in English]. [U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. Pew Research Center. 2020. URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/pj_19-11-19_mediapolarization_homepage-2/ (дата звернення: 10.01.2024)].
Vicario, M. D., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 554–559 [in English]. [Vicario M. D., Bessi A., Zollo F., Petroni F., Scala A., Caldarelli G., Stanley H. E., Quattrociocchi W. The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016. Vol. 113. Is. 3. P. 554–559. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517441113].
Waisbord, S. (2018). The elective affinity between post-truth communication and populist politics. Communication Research and Practice, 4(1), 17–34 [in English]. [Waisbord, S. The elective affinity between post-truth communication and populist politics. Communication Research and Practice. 2018. Vol. 4. Is. 1. P. 17–34. DOI: 10.1080/22041451.2018.1428928].
Waldrop, M. M. (2017). The genuine problem of fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1719005114 [in English]. [Waldrop, M. M. The genuine problem of fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017. URL: https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1719005114 (дата звернення: 12.01.2024)].
Zúñiga, H. G. de, Koc-Michalska, K., & Römmele, A. (2020). Populism in the era of Twitter: How social media contextualized new insights into an old phenomenon. New Media & Society, 22(4), 585–594 [in English]. [Zúñiga, H. G. de, Koc-Michalska, K., & Römmele, A. Populism in the era of Twitter: How social media contextualized new insights into an old phenomenon. New Media & Society. 2020. Vol. 22, Is. 4. P. 585–594. DOI: 10.1177/1461444819893978].
Опубліковано
2024-05-14
Розділ
ТЕОРІЯ ТА ІСТОРІЯ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ДУМКИ. АКТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ДИСКУРСУ
