TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN PARLIAMENTARISM: HOW ELECTIONS SHAPE PARLIAMENTARY STRUCTURES IN COUNTRIES WITH THE OLDEST PARLIAMENTS
Keywords:
parliamentary systems, majoritarian system, proportional system, seat compensation, D'Hondt method, Sainte-Laguë method, elections, innovations, democracy, electoral systems
Abstract
This article analyzes the evolution of parliamentary systems and electoral processes in countries with long-standing parliamentary traditions, including the United Kingdom, Denmark, Iceland, and the Bailiwick territories of Guernsey, Jersey, and the Isle of Man. These countries have unique parliamentary traditions that have largely been shaped over centuries. The article emphasizes how these systems have adapted to societal changes and how the structure and functions of their parliaments evolved over different historical periods. It examines the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, with the development of electoral systems, where the United Kingdom’s majoritarian system ensures stability through the dominance of two main parties, but limits the representation of smaller political forces. In contrast, the proportional systems used in Denmark and Iceland provide a more accurate reflection of voters' political preferences, facilitating fairer representation for smaller parties. The electoral systems in these countries employ various methods of distributing seats in parliament, including the D'Hondt and Sainte-Laguë methods, which contribute to a more proportional distribution of votes among political forces. In Iceland, corrective seats are allocated at the national level to compensate for potential inequalities between constituencies, while in Denmark, compensatory mandates are distributed within constituencies. The article also explores innovative initiatives, such as the introduction of electronic voting, which makes the electoral process more accessible and convenient for citizens, as well as campaigns aimed at engaging youth in the political process. Moreover, particular attention is given to the importance of maintaining democratic traditions in conjunction with modern technologies, allowing democratic institutions in various countries to remain stable. Overall, the article highlights the importance of balancing tradition and innovation to achieve fairer and more democratic representation in contemporary parliamentary processes.
References
Agora. (2025) Portal of Parliamentary Development. Parliamentary Organisation [in English]. [Agora. Portal of Parliamentary Development. Parliamentary Organisation. 2025. URL: https://www.agora-parl.org/resources/aoe/parliamentary-organisation (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Allan, T.R.S. (1997). Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law Politics and Revolution. Law Quarterly Review, 113, July, 443–452 [in English]. [Allan T R. . Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law Politics and Revolution. Law Quarterly Review, 1997. Vol. 113. P. 443–452.]
Arter, D. (2006). Democracy in Scandinavia: Consensual, Majoritarian or Mixed? Manchester University Press [in English]. [Arter D. Democracy in Scandinavia: Consensual, Majoritarian or Mixed? Manchester University Press, 2006. 384 p.]
Barnes, Barry. (1977). Interests and the Growth of Knowledge. Routledge [in English]. [Barnes B. Interests and the Growth of Knowledge. Routledge, 1977. 109 p.]
Barnwell, P.S., & Mostert, M. (2004). Political Assemblies in the Earlier Middle Ages. Brepols [in English]. [Barnwell P.S., Mostert M. Political Assemblies in the Earlier Middle Ages. Brepols, 2004. 213 p.]
Beetham, D. (2006). Parliament and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to Good Practice. Inter-Parliamentary Union, IPU [in English]. [Beetham D. Parliament and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to Good Practice. Inter-Parliamentary Union, IPU, 2006. 229 p. URL: https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/handbooks/2016-07/parliament-and-democracy-in-twenty-first-century-guidegood-practice (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Bingham Powell, G.Jr. (2007). Aggregating and Representing Political Preferences. In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 653–678), ed. Carles Boix & Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press. [in English]. [Bingham Powell G. Jr. Aggregating and Representing Political Preferences. In: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics / ed. Carles Boix, Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 653–678.]
Blake, C., & Blom-Cooper, L. (1997). Judicial Review in Jersey. Public Law, Autumn, 371–374 [in English]. [Blake C., Blom-Cooper L. Judicial Review in Jersey. Public Law. Autumn, 1997. P. 371–374.]
Blick, A. (2012). The Making of the Devolved Scottish Constitution, 37–43 (Unofficial Constitutional Convention). In Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution, ed. Robert Blackburn [in English]. [Blick A. The Making of the Devolved Scottish Constitution. Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution / ed. Robert Blackburn. 2012. URL: https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutionalreform/00-CASE-STUDIES.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Blick, A. (n.d.). The Welsh Assembly Powers and Electoral Arrangements. In Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution, ed. Robert Blackburn [in English]. [Blick A. The Welsh Assembly Powers and Electoral Arrangements. Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution / ed. Robert Blackburn. URL: https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/00-CASE-STUDIES.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Bois, D. De L. (1972). A Constitutional History of Jersey. States Greffe, Jersey [in English]. [Bois D. De L. A Constitutional History of Jersey. States Greffe, Jersey, 1972. 280 p.]
Byock, J.L. (1988). Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas and Power. University of California Press [in English]. [Byock J.L. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas and Power. University of California Press, 1988. 284 p. URL: https://archive.org/details/medievalicelands0000byoc дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Croll, P. (1997). The Ancient Role of the Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey as ‘Speakers’ in Societe Jersiaise Annual Bulletin, 27(1), 79–84 [in English]. [Croll P. The Ancient Role of the Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey as ‘Speakers’. Societe Jersiaise Annual Bulletin. 1997. № 27 (1). P. 79–84.]
Dickinson, B., & Carmichael, P. (Eds.). (1999). House of Lords: Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles. Hart Publishing [in English]. [Dickinson B., Carmichael P. (Eds.). House of Lords: Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles. Hart Publishing, 1999. 258 p.]
Edge, P.W. (2020). Lisvane’s Legacy? Constitutional Reform in the Isle of Man. Legal Studies, 40, 22–41 [in English]. [Edge P.W. Lisvane’s Legacy? Constitutional Reform in the Isle of Man. Legal Studies. 2020. № 40. P. 22–41.]
Elder, N., Thomas, A.H., & Arter, D. (1982). The Consensual Democracies? Government and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Martin Robertson [in English]. [Elder N., Thomas A.H., Arter D. The Consensual Democracies? Government and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Martin Robertson, 1982. 244 p.]
English, M., & Murphy, T. (2023). Ireland’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, ed. Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, & Nicola Lupo. Routledge [in English]. [English M., Murphy T. Ireland’s Parliamentary Administration. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations / ed. T. Christiansen, E. Griglio, N. Lupo. Routledge, 2023. 800 p.]
Gindill, J. (2010). A Sustainable Position? The Impacts of Human Rights Upon the Office of Bailiff and the Need for Reform. Government of Jersey [in English]. [Gindill J. A Sustainable Position? The Impacts of Human Rights Upon the Office of Bailiff and the Need for Reform. Government of Jersey, 2010. URL: https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%202%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Griffith, J.A.G., Ryle, M., & Wheeler-Booth, M.A.J. (1989). Parliament: Functions, Practice and Procedure. Sweet & Maxwell [in English]. [Griffith J.A.G., Ryle M., Wheeler-Booth M.A.J. Parliament: Functions, Practice and Procedure. Sweet & Maxwell, 1989. 565 p.]
Heyting, W.J. (1977). The Constitutional Relationship between Jersey and the United Kingdom. Jersey Constitutional Association, Guernsey [in English]. [Heyting W.J. The Constitutional Relationship between Jersey and the United Kingdom. Jersey Constitutional Association, Guernsey, 1977. 52 p.]
Horner, S.A. (1984). The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands– A Study of Their Status Under Constitutional, International, and European Law. European University Institute Working Paper No. 98 [in English]. [Horner S.A. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands– A Study of Their Status Under Constitutional, International, and European Law. European University Institute Working Paper. 1984. № 98. URL: https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/23006 (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Iceland Althingi (2025). (Parliament)/ Inter-Parliamentary Union [in English]. [Iceland Althingi (Parliament)/Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2025. URL:http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2143_B.htm (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Irwin, G., & Thomassen, J. (1975). Issue-Consensus in a Multi-Party System. Acta Politica, 10, 389–420 [in English]. [Irwin G., Thomassen J. Issue-Consensus in a Multi-Party System. Acta Politica. 1975. № 10. P. 389–420.]
Jóhannesson, J. (1974). A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth. University of Manitoba Press [in English]. [Jóhannesson J. A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth. University of Manitoba Press, 1974. 407 p.]
Jones, T.C. (2021). A ‘Coup d’État’ in Jersey? Rethinking the Jersey Expulsions of 1855. Diasporas, 137–157 [in English]. [Jones T.C. A ‘Coup d’État’ in Jersey? Rethinking the Jersey Expulsions of 1855. Diasporas, 2021. P. 137–157. DOI: 10.4000/diasporas.3738. URL: https://journals.openedition.org/diasporas/3738. (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Jónsson, G. (2014). Iceland and the Nordic Model of Consensus Democracy. Scandinavian Journal of History, 39(4), 510–528. DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2014.93. [Jónsson G. Iceland and the Nordic Model of Consensus Democracy. Scandinavian Journal of History. 2014. № 39 (4). P. 510–528. DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2014.93.]
Karlsson, G. (2000). The History of Iceland. Hurst & Co./University of Minnesota Press. [in English]. [Karlsson G. The History of Iceland. Hurst & Co./University of Minnesota Press, 2000. 418 p.]
Lightman, D. (2000). The Jersey and Guernsey Bailiffs and the Lord Chancellor Revisited. Judicial Review, 5(2), 10–20 [in English]. [Lightman D. The Jersey and Guernsey Bailiffs and the Lord Chancellor Revisited. Judicial Review. 2000. № 5 (2). P. 10–20. DOI: 10.1080/10854681.2000.11427117.]
Lijphart, A. (1975). The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. University of California Press [in English]. [Lijphart A. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. University of California Press, 1975. 231 p.]
Magnússon, P. (2023). Iceland’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, and Nicola Lupo, Routledge [in English]. [Magnússon P. Iceland’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, and Nicola Lupo, Routledge, 2023. 800 р.]
Massey, A. (2004). Modernizing government in the Channel Islands: Context and problematic of reform in a differentiated but feudal European polity. Public Administration, 82(2), 421–433. [Massey A. Modernizing government in the Channel Islands: Context and problematic of reform in a differentiated but feudal European polity. Public Administration. 2004. Vol. 8. Is. 2. P. 421–433.]
Maurer, A. (2003). The European Parliament, the National Parliaments and the EU Conventions. Politique Européenne, 1(9), 76–98 [in English]. [Maurer A. The European Parliament, the National Parliaments and the EU Conventions. Politique Européenne. 2003. № 1 (9). P. 76–98.]
Meakin, A., Yong, B., & Leston-Bandeira, C. (2023). United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, & Nicola Lupo. Routledge [in English]. [Meakin A., Yong B., Leston-Bandeira C. United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations / ed. Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, Nicola Lupo. Routledge, 2023.]
Meakin, A., Yong, B., & Leston-Bandeira, C. (2023). United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, & Nicola Lupo. Routledge [in English]. [Meakin A., Yong B., Leston-Bandeira C. United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations / ed. Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, Nicola Lupo. Routledge, 2023.]
Ministry of Social Welfare & Folketinget. (2009). The Parliament of Denmark. Parliamentary Election Act of Denmark. 2009. 61 p. [Ministry of Social Welfare & Folketinget, The Parliament of Denmark. 2009, February 24. Parliamentary Election Act of Denmark. 2009. 61 p. URL: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/DK/denmark-parliamentary-election-act/view (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Morris, P. (2008). Modernizing Government in the Channel Islands: New Political Executives in British Crown Dependencies. Common Law World Review, 37, 63–96 [in English]. [Morris P. Modernizing Government in the Channel Islands: New Political Executives in British Crown Dependencies. Common Law World Review. 2008. № 37. P. 63–96. DOI: 10.1350/clwr.2008.37.1.163. URL: https://uniset.ca/microstates2/je_gg_37CommLWorldRev63.pdf. (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2013). Iceland: Parliamentary elections, 27 April 2013. OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR [in English]. [Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Iceland: Parliamentary elections, 27 April 2013. OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report. Warsaw : OSCE/ODIHR, 2013.]
Seaward, P. (2024). Is Iceland’s Althing the Oldest Parliament in the World? History of Parliament Blog [in English]. [Seaward P. Is Iceland’s Althing the Oldest Parliament in the World? History of Parliament Blog. 2024. URL: https://historyofparliamentblog.wordpress.com/2024/04/23/is-icelands-althing-theoldest-parliament-in-the-world/ (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).
States of Deliberation (2025). History The Royal Court of Guernsey [in English]. [States of Deliberation. History The Royal Court of Guernsey. 2025. URL: https://www.guernseyroyalcourt.gg/article/1947/States-of-Deliberation---History (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Taagepera, R. (2007). Electoral Systems. in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 678–703 [in English]. [Taagepera R. Electoral Systems. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. C. Boix and S. C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 678–703. https://www.mgdc-chararisharief.com/elearn/The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Comparative%20Politics-1stSem.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Thornton, T. (2025). The Isle of Man, Channel Islands and Statutes of the English Parliament, to 1640: Development and Change in Territorial Extent. Law & History Review (forthcoming) [in English]. [Thornton T. The Isle of Man, Channel Islands and Statutes of the English Parliament, to 1640: Development and Change in Territorial Extent. Law & History Review. (forthcoming), 2025. URL: https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/the-isle-of-man-channel-islands-and-statutes-of-the-english-parli(дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Torrance, D. (2024). The Crown Dependencies: Research Briefing. House of Commons Library [in English]. [Torrance D. The Crown Dependencies: Research Briefing. House of Commons Library, 2024. URL: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
United Kingdom. (2025) Inter-Parliamentary Union [in English]. [United Kingdom. Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2025. URL: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2336_A.htm (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Welzel, C. & Inglehart R. (2007). Mass Beliefs and Democratic Institutions in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 297–317 [in English]. [Welzel C., Inglehart R. Mass Beliefs and Democratic Institutions. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics / ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2007. Р. 297–317. URL: https://www.mgdc-chararisharief.com/elearn/The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Comparative%20Politics-1stSem.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Wilson, G. N., & Hanlon, W. (2023). Crown Dependencies in an Era of Continuity and Change. Small States & Territories, 6(2), 105–120 [in English]. [Wilson G. N., Hanlon W. Crown Dependencies in an Era of Continuity and Change. Small States & Territories. 2023. № 6 (2). P. 105–120.]
Wivel, A., Miles, L. (Eds.). (2014). Denmark and the European Union. Routledge [in English]. [Wivel A., Miles L. (Eds.). Denmark and the European Union. Routledge, 2014. 280 p.]
Allan, T.R.S. (1997). Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law Politics and Revolution. Law Quarterly Review, 113, July, 443–452 [in English]. [Allan T R. . Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law Politics and Revolution. Law Quarterly Review, 1997. Vol. 113. P. 443–452.]
Arter, D. (2006). Democracy in Scandinavia: Consensual, Majoritarian or Mixed? Manchester University Press [in English]. [Arter D. Democracy in Scandinavia: Consensual, Majoritarian or Mixed? Manchester University Press, 2006. 384 p.]
Barnes, Barry. (1977). Interests and the Growth of Knowledge. Routledge [in English]. [Barnes B. Interests and the Growth of Knowledge. Routledge, 1977. 109 p.]
Barnwell, P.S., & Mostert, M. (2004). Political Assemblies in the Earlier Middle Ages. Brepols [in English]. [Barnwell P.S., Mostert M. Political Assemblies in the Earlier Middle Ages. Brepols, 2004. 213 p.]
Beetham, D. (2006). Parliament and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to Good Practice. Inter-Parliamentary Union, IPU [in English]. [Beetham D. Parliament and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to Good Practice. Inter-Parliamentary Union, IPU, 2006. 229 p. URL: https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/handbooks/2016-07/parliament-and-democracy-in-twenty-first-century-guidegood-practice (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Bingham Powell, G.Jr. (2007). Aggregating and Representing Political Preferences. In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (pp. 653–678), ed. Carles Boix & Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press. [in English]. [Bingham Powell G. Jr. Aggregating and Representing Political Preferences. In: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics / ed. Carles Boix, Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 653–678.]
Blake, C., & Blom-Cooper, L. (1997). Judicial Review in Jersey. Public Law, Autumn, 371–374 [in English]. [Blake C., Blom-Cooper L. Judicial Review in Jersey. Public Law. Autumn, 1997. P. 371–374.]
Blick, A. (2012). The Making of the Devolved Scottish Constitution, 37–43 (Unofficial Constitutional Convention). In Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution, ed. Robert Blackburn [in English]. [Blick A. The Making of the Devolved Scottish Constitution. Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution / ed. Robert Blackburn. 2012. URL: https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutionalreform/00-CASE-STUDIES.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Blick, A. (n.d.). The Welsh Assembly Powers and Electoral Arrangements. In Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution, ed. Robert Blackburn [in English]. [Blick A. The Welsh Assembly Powers and Electoral Arrangements. Mapping the Path towards Codifying – or Not Codifying – the UK Constitution / ed. Robert Blackburn. URL: https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/00-CASE-STUDIES.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Bois, D. De L. (1972). A Constitutional History of Jersey. States Greffe, Jersey [in English]. [Bois D. De L. A Constitutional History of Jersey. States Greffe, Jersey, 1972. 280 p.]
Byock, J.L. (1988). Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas and Power. University of California Press [in English]. [Byock J.L. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas and Power. University of California Press, 1988. 284 p. URL: https://archive.org/details/medievalicelands0000byoc дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Croll, P. (1997). The Ancient Role of the Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey as ‘Speakers’ in Societe Jersiaise Annual Bulletin, 27(1), 79–84 [in English]. [Croll P. The Ancient Role of the Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey as ‘Speakers’. Societe Jersiaise Annual Bulletin. 1997. № 27 (1). P. 79–84.]
Dickinson, B., & Carmichael, P. (Eds.). (1999). House of Lords: Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles. Hart Publishing [in English]. [Dickinson B., Carmichael P. (Eds.). House of Lords: Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles. Hart Publishing, 1999. 258 p.]
Edge, P.W. (2020). Lisvane’s Legacy? Constitutional Reform in the Isle of Man. Legal Studies, 40, 22–41 [in English]. [Edge P.W. Lisvane’s Legacy? Constitutional Reform in the Isle of Man. Legal Studies. 2020. № 40. P. 22–41.]
Elder, N., Thomas, A.H., & Arter, D. (1982). The Consensual Democracies? Government and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Martin Robertson [in English]. [Elder N., Thomas A.H., Arter D. The Consensual Democracies? Government and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Martin Robertson, 1982. 244 p.]
English, M., & Murphy, T. (2023). Ireland’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, ed. Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, & Nicola Lupo. Routledge [in English]. [English M., Murphy T. Ireland’s Parliamentary Administration. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations / ed. T. Christiansen, E. Griglio, N. Lupo. Routledge, 2023. 800 p.]
Gindill, J. (2010). A Sustainable Position? The Impacts of Human Rights Upon the Office of Bailiff and the Need for Reform. Government of Jersey [in English]. [Gindill J. A Sustainable Position? The Impacts of Human Rights Upon the Office of Bailiff and the Need for Reform. Government of Jersey, 2010. URL: https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Gindill%202%20Submission%2020100318%20JG%20v1.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Griffith, J.A.G., Ryle, M., & Wheeler-Booth, M.A.J. (1989). Parliament: Functions, Practice and Procedure. Sweet & Maxwell [in English]. [Griffith J.A.G., Ryle M., Wheeler-Booth M.A.J. Parliament: Functions, Practice and Procedure. Sweet & Maxwell, 1989. 565 p.]
Heyting, W.J. (1977). The Constitutional Relationship between Jersey and the United Kingdom. Jersey Constitutional Association, Guernsey [in English]. [Heyting W.J. The Constitutional Relationship between Jersey and the United Kingdom. Jersey Constitutional Association, Guernsey, 1977. 52 p.]
Horner, S.A. (1984). The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands– A Study of Their Status Under Constitutional, International, and European Law. European University Institute Working Paper No. 98 [in English]. [Horner S.A. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands– A Study of Their Status Under Constitutional, International, and European Law. European University Institute Working Paper. 1984. № 98. URL: https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/23006 (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Iceland Althingi (2025). (Parliament)/ Inter-Parliamentary Union [in English]. [Iceland Althingi (Parliament)/Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2025. URL:http://archive.ipu.org/parline/reports/2143_B.htm (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Irwin, G., & Thomassen, J. (1975). Issue-Consensus in a Multi-Party System. Acta Politica, 10, 389–420 [in English]. [Irwin G., Thomassen J. Issue-Consensus in a Multi-Party System. Acta Politica. 1975. № 10. P. 389–420.]
Jóhannesson, J. (1974). A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth. University of Manitoba Press [in English]. [Jóhannesson J. A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth. University of Manitoba Press, 1974. 407 p.]
Jones, T.C. (2021). A ‘Coup d’État’ in Jersey? Rethinking the Jersey Expulsions of 1855. Diasporas, 137–157 [in English]. [Jones T.C. A ‘Coup d’État’ in Jersey? Rethinking the Jersey Expulsions of 1855. Diasporas, 2021. P. 137–157. DOI: 10.4000/diasporas.3738. URL: https://journals.openedition.org/diasporas/3738. (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Jónsson, G. (2014). Iceland and the Nordic Model of Consensus Democracy. Scandinavian Journal of History, 39(4), 510–528. DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2014.93. [Jónsson G. Iceland and the Nordic Model of Consensus Democracy. Scandinavian Journal of History. 2014. № 39 (4). P. 510–528. DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2014.93.]
Karlsson, G. (2000). The History of Iceland. Hurst & Co./University of Minnesota Press. [in English]. [Karlsson G. The History of Iceland. Hurst & Co./University of Minnesota Press, 2000. 418 p.]
Lightman, D. (2000). The Jersey and Guernsey Bailiffs and the Lord Chancellor Revisited. Judicial Review, 5(2), 10–20 [in English]. [Lightman D. The Jersey and Guernsey Bailiffs and the Lord Chancellor Revisited. Judicial Review. 2000. № 5 (2). P. 10–20. DOI: 10.1080/10854681.2000.11427117.]
Lijphart, A. (1975). The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. University of California Press [in English]. [Lijphart A. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. University of California Press, 1975. 231 p.]
Magnússon, P. (2023). Iceland’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, and Nicola Lupo, Routledge [in English]. [Magnússon P. Iceland’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, and Nicola Lupo, Routledge, 2023. 800 р.]
Massey, A. (2004). Modernizing government in the Channel Islands: Context and problematic of reform in a differentiated but feudal European polity. Public Administration, 82(2), 421–433. [Massey A. Modernizing government in the Channel Islands: Context and problematic of reform in a differentiated but feudal European polity. Public Administration. 2004. Vol. 8. Is. 2. P. 421–433.]
Maurer, A. (2003). The European Parliament, the National Parliaments and the EU Conventions. Politique Européenne, 1(9), 76–98 [in English]. [Maurer A. The European Parliament, the National Parliaments and the EU Conventions. Politique Européenne. 2003. № 1 (9). P. 76–98.]
Meakin, A., Yong, B., & Leston-Bandeira, C. (2023). United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, & Nicola Lupo. Routledge [in English]. [Meakin A., Yong B., Leston-Bandeira C. United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations / ed. Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, Nicola Lupo. Routledge, 2023.]
Meakin, A., Yong, B., & Leston-Bandeira, C. (2023). United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. In The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations, edited by Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, & Nicola Lupo. Routledge [in English]. [Meakin A., Yong B., Leston-Bandeira C. United Kingdom’s Parliamentary Administration. The Routledge Handbook of Parliamentary Administrations / ed. Thomas Christiansen, Elena Griglio, Nicola Lupo. Routledge, 2023.]
Ministry of Social Welfare & Folketinget. (2009). The Parliament of Denmark. Parliamentary Election Act of Denmark. 2009. 61 p. [Ministry of Social Welfare & Folketinget, The Parliament of Denmark. 2009, February 24. Parliamentary Election Act of Denmark. 2009. 61 p. URL: https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/europe/DK/denmark-parliamentary-election-act/view (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Morris, P. (2008). Modernizing Government in the Channel Islands: New Political Executives in British Crown Dependencies. Common Law World Review, 37, 63–96 [in English]. [Morris P. Modernizing Government in the Channel Islands: New Political Executives in British Crown Dependencies. Common Law World Review. 2008. № 37. P. 63–96. DOI: 10.1350/clwr.2008.37.1.163. URL: https://uniset.ca/microstates2/je_gg_37CommLWorldRev63.pdf. (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. (2013). Iceland: Parliamentary elections, 27 April 2013. OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR [in English]. [Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Iceland: Parliamentary elections, 27 April 2013. OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Final Report. Warsaw : OSCE/ODIHR, 2013.]
Seaward, P. (2024). Is Iceland’s Althing the Oldest Parliament in the World? History of Parliament Blog [in English]. [Seaward P. Is Iceland’s Althing the Oldest Parliament in the World? History of Parliament Blog. 2024. URL: https://historyofparliamentblog.wordpress.com/2024/04/23/is-icelands-althing-theoldest-parliament-in-the-world/ (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).
States of Deliberation (2025). History The Royal Court of Guernsey [in English]. [States of Deliberation. History The Royal Court of Guernsey. 2025. URL: https://www.guernseyroyalcourt.gg/article/1947/States-of-Deliberation---History (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Taagepera, R. (2007). Electoral Systems. in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 678–703 [in English]. [Taagepera R. Electoral Systems. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. C. Boix and S. C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2007. P. 678–703. https://www.mgdc-chararisharief.com/elearn/The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Comparative%20Politics-1stSem.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Thornton, T. (2025). The Isle of Man, Channel Islands and Statutes of the English Parliament, to 1640: Development and Change in Territorial Extent. Law & History Review (forthcoming) [in English]. [Thornton T. The Isle of Man, Channel Islands and Statutes of the English Parliament, to 1640: Development and Change in Territorial Extent. Law & History Review. (forthcoming), 2025. URL: https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/the-isle-of-man-channel-islands-and-statutes-of-the-english-parli(дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Torrance, D. (2024). The Crown Dependencies: Research Briefing. House of Commons Library [in English]. [Torrance D. The Crown Dependencies: Research Briefing. House of Commons Library, 2024. URL: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8611/CBP-8611.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
United Kingdom. (2025) Inter-Parliamentary Union [in English]. [United Kingdom. Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2025. URL: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2336_A.htm (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Welzel, C. & Inglehart R. (2007). Mass Beliefs and Democratic Institutions in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 297–317 [in English]. [Welzel C., Inglehart R. Mass Beliefs and Democratic Institutions. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics / ed. Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2007. Р. 297–317. URL: https://www.mgdc-chararisharief.com/elearn/The%20Oxford%20Handbook%20of%20Comparative%20Politics-1stSem.pdf (дата звернення: 07.02.2025).]
Wilson, G. N., & Hanlon, W. (2023). Crown Dependencies in an Era of Continuity and Change. Small States & Territories, 6(2), 105–120 [in English]. [Wilson G. N., Hanlon W. Crown Dependencies in an Era of Continuity and Change. Small States & Territories. 2023. № 6 (2). P. 105–120.]
Wivel, A., Miles, L. (Eds.). (2014). Denmark and the European Union. Routledge [in English]. [Wivel A., Miles L. (Eds.). Denmark and the European Union. Routledge, 2014. 280 p.]
Published
2025-04-22
Section
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND PROCESSES IN INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL CON
