The editorial board of the journal strictly adheres to the principles of academic integrity and publication ethics and does not tolerate plagiarism in any form.

Plagiarism is:

- appropriation of others’ ideas, research results, or texts without proper attribution;

- verbatim or partial copying of text without indicating the source;

- improper paraphrasing without reference to the original author;

- self-plagiarism (reuse of one’s own previously published materials without appropriate citation).

Any manifestations of plagiarism constitute a violation of academic ethics and are unacceptable.

All manuscripts submitted to the journal undergo mandatory plagiarism screening using specialized software (StrikePlagiarism.com) provided by the Polish company Plagiat.pl.

Authors are required to:

- submit original works that have not been previously published;

- properly cite all sources and references;

- avoid excessive citation;

- not submit the same manuscript simultaneously to multiple journals.

Response to Detected Plagiarism

In cases where plagiarism is detected, the editorial board acts in accordance with international standards of publication ethics:

- at the peer review stage — the manuscript is rejected or returned for revision;

- after publication — the article may be retracted; the author may be prohibited from future submissions to the journal; in cases of serious violations, the editorial board reserves the right to notify the author’s institution.