DYNAMICS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF THREATS: THE EXPERIENCE OF ISRAEL
Abstract
A broad definition of national identity is proposed. It is noted that the sense of belonging to the national "we", the feeling of a common destiny promotes the solidarity of fellow citizens, facilitates the socially oriented redistribution of resources, provides motivation for joint actions and the achievement of national goals. Three models of national identity are outlined – with a preference for a civil, ethnic, or religious component. Ethnic, religious and civil components can be combined in various ratios and contradictions. The functions, features of the formation and changes of established common beliefs as a component of national identity have been clarified. National-level beliefs are defined as collectively supported ideas about the world and ethical views, valuable and emotionally significant for compatriots, which relate to topics and problems important to them, and also contribute to their positive self-esteem. The signs of established beliefs of the national community have been clarified. (duration, national scale of distribution, presence in cultural products, etc.). It is argued that the transformation of beliefs is caused by large-scale events, in particular threatening ones, and the change of deeply rooted shared beliefs implies a change in the meaning of national identity. Threats to the country can be classified as external, internal, global. The existential threat is interpreted as threatening its existence and, accordingly, problematizing the existence of the national identity associated with it. It is argued that shared beliefs and national identity can be militarized to varying degrees; it is manifested in the dominance of certain beliefs and feelings. A number of beliefs that make up the narrative of forced militarism are singled out. In the conditions of an existential threat, these beliefs are represented in the minds of citizens, and they are also broadcast in the education system in the process of forming the national identity of schoolchildren.
References
2. Резнікова О., Войтовський К. «Життя як в Ізраїлі»: висновки з досвіду забезпечення національної безпеки для України.17.06.2022. Офіційний вебсайт Національного інституту стратегічних досліджень URL: https://niss.gov.ua/news/komentari-ekspertiv/zhyttya-yak-v-izrayilivysnovky-z-dosvidu-zabezpechennya-natsionalnoyi.
3. Рябчук М. Долання амбівалентності. Дихотомія української національної ідентичності. Історичні причини та політичні наслідки. К.: ІПіЕНД ім. І. Ф. Кураса НАН України, 2019. 252 с.
4. Сміт Ентоні Д. Національна ідентичність / Пер. з англійської П. Таращука. Київ: Основи, 1994. 224 с.
5. Терент’єва А. Досвід держави Ізраїль щодо управління безпекою цивільного населення в умовах кризових ситуацій. Науковий вісник: Державне управління. 2 (14), 2023. 310–333. https://doi.org/10.33269/2618-0065-2023-2(14)-310-333
6. Ariely G. Testing the National Identity Argument in a Time of Crisis – Evidence from Israel. Nationalities Papers. 2024. 52(1). Р. 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.12.
7. Avraamidou L. Identities in/out of physics and the politics of recognition. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 59(1), 58–94. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21721.
8. Bar-Tal, Daniel. Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2000. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204697.
9. Billig M. Place Identity Strategies at University Constructed by Minority Arab-Israeli Student Groups. Front. Psychol. 12. 2021. 37–43. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665042.
10. Cohen E., Hod Y., Ben-Zvi D. From “Carrier” to “Creator”: The re-construction of national identity in more inclusive terms. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 32(3), 2023. 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2023.2185147.
11. David O., Bar-Tal D. A sociopsychological conception of collective identity: The case of national identity as an example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 2009. 354–379.
12. Edensor T. National identity, popular culture and everyday life. London: Routledge. 2002. 224р. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003086178.
13. Epelboim S. Jewish identity: formation, maintenance and possible modification under social psychology. PsicoUSF. 2004, vol. 9, n. 1, pp. 87–97.
14. Gustavsson G., Stendahl L. “National Identity, a Blessing or a Curse? The Divergent Links from National Attachment, Pride, and Chauvinism to Social and Political Trust.” European Political Science Review. 12 (4), 2020. 449–468.
15. Ingold T. Being Alive. New York: Routledge. 2011. 270
16. Lewin-Epstein N., Cohen Y. Ethnic origin and identity in the Jewish population of Israel, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2019. 45:11. 2118–2137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492370.
17. Oren N., Bar-Tal D. Ethos and identity: Expressions and changes in the Israeli Jewish society. Studies in Psychology. 2006. 27(3). 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1174/021093906778965035.
18. Pajares M.F. Teachers’ Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. Review of Educational Research. 1992. 62. 307–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307.
19. Parekh В. A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World. Macmillan Education UK, 2008, 317 р.
20. Qazi M. H. Exploring links between national education and students’ militaristic national identity constructions – a case study of Pakistani state schools in Islamabad. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2020. 52(4). 516–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2020.1755997.
21. Qazi M. H. Construction of students’ religious national identities in Pakistani state schools and its implications for minorities.Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2021. 53(2). 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1886053.
22. Rahm J., Gonsalves А. Refiguring research stories of science identity by careing to the embodied, affective, and non-human, Frontiers in Education, 2023. 8. Р. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1083992.
23. Richardson V. The role of attitudes and beliefs in learning to teach. In book: Handbook of Research on Teacher Education. Second Edition. Editors: J. Sikula. 1996. pp. 102–119.
24. Rokeach M., Kliejunas P. Behavior as a Function of Attitude-toward-Object and Attitude-toward-Situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972. 22. 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032614.
25. Rosenberg S., Beatty, P. The cognitive structuring of national identity: Individual differences in identifying as American. Nations and Nationalism, 2018. 25 (1). 361–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12416.
26. Simms, W., Shanahan M.-C. Qualitatively recognizing the dimensions of student environmental identity development within the classroom context. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2024, Vol 61, Issue 1, p. 3–37, https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21863.
27. Wodak R., De Cillia R., Martin Reisigl M., Liebhart K. (Eds). The discursive construction of national identity (2nd ed.). Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press (EUP). 2009. 288р.
